CHAPTER 10
INTERNAL TRADE
As studies earlier trade refers to buying and selling of goods and services with the objective of earning profit.
On the basis of geographical location of buyers and sellers, trade can broadly be classified into two categories
(i) Internal trade; and
(ii) External trade.
Internal trade:
The trade which takes place whiten a country is called internal trade.
External trade:
Trade between two or more countries is called external trade.
INTERNAL TRADE
Buying and selling of goods and services within the boundaries of a nation are referred to as internal trade.
Internal trade can be classified into two broad categories viz.,
(i) wholesale trade and
(ii) retail trade.
NOTE: Chain
Manufacturing -> Wholesalers -> Retailers
Services of Wholesaler:
1) Services to Manufacturers:
The major services offered by wholesalers to the producers of goods and services are given as below:
(i) Facilitating large scale production:
Whole-seller make bulk purchase from producers enabling them to undertake production on a large scale and take advantage of the economies of scale.
(ii) Bearing risk:
Whole-seller take delivery of the goods and keep the goods purchased in large lots in their warehouses.In the process they bear lots of risks such as the risk of fall in prices, theft, pilferage, spoilage, fire, etc.
(iii) Financial assistance: (Assist or help)
The wholesalers provide financial assistance to the manufacturers in the sense that they generally make cash payment for the goods purchased by them and advance.
(iv) Expert advice:
As the wholesalers are in direct contact with the retailers, they are in a position to advice the manufacturers about various aspects including customer’s tastes and preferences, market conditions, competitive activities.
(v) Help in the marketing function:
Wholesalers help manufacture to distribute goods over a large geographical area to large number of customers.
(vi) Facilitate continuity:
The wholesalers facilitate continuity of production activity throughout the year by purchasing the good and distributing them to retailers.
2) Services to Retailers
SERVICES PROVIDED TO WHOLESALER:
(i) Availability of goods:
The wholesalers make the products of various manufacturers readily available to the retailers.
(ii) Marketing support:
Wholesaler undertake advertisements and other sales promotional activities to induce customers to purchase the goods. The retailers are benefited by this.
(iii) Grant of credit:
The wholesalers generally extend credit facilities to their regular customers/retailers. It also give the facility of trade credit.
(iv) Specialized knowledge:
They pass on the benefit of their specialized knowledge to the retailers. They inform the retailers about the new products, their uses, quality, prices, etc.
(v) Risk sharing:
The wholesalers purchase in bulk and sell in relatively small quantities to the retailers.
RETAIL TRADE
A retailer is a business enterprise that is engaged in the sale of goods and services directly to the ultimate consumers. The retailers normally buy goods in large quantities from wholesaler and sell them in small quantities to the ultimate consumer.
Services of Retailers
Some of the important services of retailers are described as below:
(i) Help in distribution of goods:
The retailers normally buy goods in large quantities from wholesaler and sell them in small quantities to the ultimate consumer.
(ii) Collecting market information:
As retailers remain in direct and constant touch with the buyers, they serve as an important source of collecting market information about the tastes, preferences and attitudes of customers.
(iii) Personal selling:
Retailers undertake personal selling efforts, thereby relieve wholesaler/manufacture in selling of products.
(iv) Enabling large-scale operations:
Retailers sell product to consumer in small quantity and thereby manufacturing can consecrate in other activities.
(v) Help in promotion:
Sometimes manufactures offer short-term incentives in the form of coupons, free gifts, sales contests, and so on to retailers thereby, help in promoting the sale of the product.
Services to Consumers
(i) Regular availability of products:
The most important service of a retailer to consumers is to maintain regular availability of various products produced by different manufacturers when needed.
(ii) Convenience in buying:
Retail stores are located in residential area as well as in the main market.
The customer can easily approach a retail show room for buying the goods.
(iii) Wide selection:
A retailers offers a wide variety of products of different manufacturers and different brand enabling the consumers to make their choice out of a wide selection of goods.
(iv) After-sales services:
Retailers demonstrate the working of products to satisfy the customer and also offers after-sales services in the form of home delivery, supply of spare parts and attending to customers.
(v) Provide credit facilities:
The retailers sometimes provide credit facilities to their regular buyers.
TYPES OF RETAILING TRADE
There are two categories of retailers:
(a) Itinerant retailers, and
(b) Fixed shop retailers.
Itinerant Retailers:
Itinerant retailers are traders who do not have a fixed place of business to operate from.
Its features/Characteristics:
(a) They are small traders operating with limited resources.
(b) They normally deal in consumer products of daily use.
Example:toiletry products, fruits and vegetables, and so on.
(c) The emphasis of such traders is on providing greater customer service
(d) As they do not have any fixed business establishment to operate.
NOTE:
MANUFACTURING -> WHOLESALER -> RETAILER -> CONSUMER
PRODUCER BULK PURCHASE SMALL LOTS PURCHASE IN
FROM <- FROM <- CHANGE
Types of itinerant retailers in India are as below:
(i) Peddlers and hawkers:
They move from street to street in search of customer. A howler carries the goods on wheeled casts or on the back of animals and a peddler carries the goods on his own head or back.
(ii) Street traders (pavement vendors):
These retailers display their articles on busy street corner, bus stand, stations, etc.
(iii) Periodic Market traders:
These traders sell their goods on fixed days in different markets places. Their weekly markets are fixed.
(iv) Cheap jacks:
They displays their goods in hired shops or in tents for a temporary period in different localities.
Fixed Shop Retailers
These are retail shops who maintain permanent establishment to sell their merchandise.
Characteristics/Features:
(a) Compared with the itinerant traders, normally they have greater resources.
(b) Generally deals in different products.
(c) Provide greater services to the customers such as credit facilities, home delivery, etc.
Types of Small Fixed Shop Retailers:
(i) General stores:
General stores are most commonly found in a local market and residential areas. It carries varieties of good and provide convenience to the customers in buying products of daily use such as grocery items, soft drinks, toiletry products, stationery and confectionery.
(ii) Specialty shops:
Instead of selling a variety of products of different types, these retail stores specialize in the sale of a specific line of products.
For example, shops selling children’s garments, men’s wear, ladies shoes, toys and gifts, school uniforms, college books or consumer electronic goods, etc
(iii) Street stall holders:
These small vendors are commonly found at street crossings or other places where flow of traffic is heavy.
For example, Tea tall, cigarettes, soft drinks, etc.
(iv) Secondhand goods shop:
These shops deal in secondhand or used goods, like books, clothes, automobiles, furniture and other household goods.
Fixed shop — Large stores retailers:
1. Departmental stores:
A departmental store is a large establishment offering a wide variety of products, classified into well-defined departments, aimed at satisfying practically every customer’s need under one roof. It has a number of departments, each one confining its activities to one kind of product.
Its Features:
(a) A modern departmental store may provide all facilities such as restaurant, travel and information bureau, restrooms, etc.
(b) These stores are generally located at a central place in the heart of a city.
(c) A departmental store combines both the functions of retailing as well as warehousing.
(d) They have centralized purchasing arrangements.
(e) Departmental stores are generally formed as a joint stock company managed by a board of directors.
Advantages of departmental stores:
(i) Convenience in shopping:
Departmental stores offer large variety of goods under one roof the departmental stores provide great convenience to customers in buying almost all goods of their requirements at one place.
(ii) Central location:
The departmental stores are usually located at central places so that more and more people can approach these stores easily.
(iii) Economy of large-scale operations:
Departmental stores are organised at a very large-scale, the benefits of large-scale operations. They buys goods in bulk therefore they enjoy the benefits of special discounts.
(iv) Limitation of middle man:
A Departmental stores buys goods directly from manufacture and sell them to the ultimate consumer, so it leads to the elimination of middleman and their profit margin.
(v) Services:
A departmental store provide various services to the customers. Such as home delivery of goods, grant of credit facilities and provision for restrooms, restaurants, saloons etc.
Disadvantages/Limitations:
(i) High operating cost:
As these stores give more emphasis on providing services, therefore their operating costs is high.
(ii) High possibility of loss:
As a result of high operating costs and large-scale operations, the chances of incurring losses in a departmental store are high.
For example, change in the tastes of customers or latest fashions.
(iii) Inconvenient location:
As a departmental store is generally situated at a central location, it is not convenient for the people who live in backward area..
(i) Lack of personal attention:
Because of the large-scale operations, it is very difficult to provide adequate personal attention to the customers in these stores.
2. Chain Stores or Multiple Shops:
Chain stores or multiple shops are retail shops that are spread over different parts of the city or country. Which are owned and operated by manufacturers or intermediaries.
For example, Bata, Tanishq, Bazar Kolkata.
Its features:
(a) These shops are located in fairly populous localities, where sufficient number of customers can be approached.
(b) The manufacturing/procurement of merchandise for all the retail units is centralized at the head office, from where the goods are dispatched to each of chain stores.
(c) Each retail shop is under the direct supervision of a Branch Manager.
(d) All the branches are controlled by the head office.
(e) The prices of goods in such shops are fixed and all sales are made on cash basis.
(f) Timely supervision is done to check the quality of services to the customers.
Advantages:
(i) Economies of scale:
As there is central procurement/manufacturing, the multiple-shop organisation enjoys the economies of scale.
(ii) Elimination of middlemen:
By selling directly to the consumers, the multiple-shop organisation is able to eliminate unnecessary middlemen in the sale of goods and services.
(iii) No bad debts:
Since all the sales in these shops are made on cash basis, there are no losses on account of bad debts.
(iv) Transfer of goods:
good may be transferred to another locality may be transferred to another locality where it is in demand. This reduces the chances of dead stock in these shops.
(v) Diffusion of risk:
The losses incurred by one shop may be covered by profits in other shops, reducing the total risk of an organisation.
(vi) Low cost:
Elimination of middlemen, centralized promotion of sales and increased sales, the multiple shops have lower cost of business.
Limitations:
(i) Limited selection of goods:
Some of the multiple/chain shops deal only in limited range of products. They do not sell products of other manufacturers. In that way the consumers get only a limited choice of goods.
(ii) Lack of personal touch:
Lack of initiative in the employees sometimes leads to indifference and lack of personal touch in them.
(iv) Difficult to change demand:
If the demand for the merchandise handled by multiple shops change rapidly, the management may have to sustain huge losses because of large stocks lying unsold at the central depot.
Mail Order Houses
Mail order houses are the retail outlets that sell their merchandise through personal contact between the buyers and the sellers in this type of trading.
In this, payment can be made either full in advance or otherwise goods may be sent by Value Payable Post (VVP). There is no personal contract between the buyer and seller in this types of trading.
Its Advantages:
1. Limited capital requirement:
Mail order business can be started with relatively low amount of capital.
(ii) Elimination of middle men:
In this, middlemen between the buyers and sellers are eliminated. This may result in lot of savings both to the buyers as well as to the sellers.
(iii) Absence of bad debt:
Since the mail order houses do not extend credit facilities to the customers, therefore there are no change of any bad debts.
(iv) Wide reach:
Under this system the goods can be sent to all the places having postal services. This opens wide scope for business as a large number of people throughout the country can be served through mail.
(v) Convenience: Under this system goods are delivered at the doorstep of the customers. This results in great convenience to the customers in buying these products.
Limitations/Disadvantages:
(i) Lack of personal contact:
As there is no personal contact between the buyers and the sellers there are greater possibilities of misunderstanding and mistrust between the two.
(ii) High promotion cost:
The mail order business has to rely heavily on advertisements and other methods of promotion in order to inform and persuade the potential buyers to buy their products.
(iii) No after sales service:
There is absence of after sales services which is so important for the satisfaction of the customers.
Vending Machines
Vending machines are operated by Coins or token. The buyer inserts a coin or token in the machine and receives a special quality of products from the machine.
MERITS:
1. No requirement of sales man.
2. We can buy thing at anytime.
3. The customer get fresh supply of goods.
DEMERITS:
1. Maintenance and repair are quit high.
2. Coins of exact sharp and size are required to operate the machine.
3. The machine are used only in developed area.
4. Specialized knowledge should be there to operate.
ROLE OF INDIAN CHAMBERS OF COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY IN PROMOTION OF INTERNAL TRADE
(i) Transportation or inter state movement of goods:
which includes registration of vehicles, surface transport policies, etc.
(ii) Octroi and other local levies.
(iii) Harmonization of sales tax structure and Value Added Tax.
(iv) Marketing of agro products and related issues.
(v) Weights and Measures and prevention of duplication brands.
(vi) Interesting with govt. in regard to excise duty.
(vii) Promoting sound infrastructure like road, port, electricity, railways, etc.
(viii) Labour legislation.
Q. Name commerce and industries Association In India?
Ans. ASSOCHAM,
Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) and
Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI).
Association Chambers of Commerce and Industry
---------------------------------------------------*****----------------------------------------------
INTERNAL TRADE
As studies earlier trade refers to buying and selling of goods and services with the objective of earning profit.
On the basis of geographical location of buyers and sellers, trade can broadly be classified into two categories
(i) Internal trade; and
(ii) External trade.
Internal trade:
The trade which takes place whiten a country is called internal trade.
External trade:
Trade between two or more countries is called external trade.
INTERNAL TRADE
Buying and selling of goods and services within the boundaries of a nation are referred to as internal trade.
Internal trade can be classified into two broad categories viz.,
(i) wholesale trade and
(ii) retail trade.
NOTE: Chain
Manufacturing -> Wholesalers -> Retailers
Services of Wholesaler:
1) Services to Manufacturers:
The major services offered by wholesalers to the producers of goods and services are given as below:
(i) Facilitating large scale production:
Whole-seller make bulk purchase from producers enabling them to undertake production on a large scale and take advantage of the economies of scale.
(ii) Bearing risk:
Whole-seller take delivery of the goods and keep the goods purchased in large lots in their warehouses.In the process they bear lots of risks such as the risk of fall in prices, theft, pilferage, spoilage, fire, etc.
(iii) Financial assistance: (Assist or help)
The wholesalers provide financial assistance to the manufacturers in the sense that they generally make cash payment for the goods purchased by them and advance.
(iv) Expert advice:
As the wholesalers are in direct contact with the retailers, they are in a position to advice the manufacturers about various aspects including customer’s tastes and preferences, market conditions, competitive activities.
(v) Help in the marketing function:
Wholesalers help manufacture to distribute goods over a large geographical area to large number of customers.
(vi) Facilitate continuity:
The wholesalers facilitate continuity of production activity throughout the year by purchasing the good and distributing them to retailers.
2) Services to Retailers
SERVICES PROVIDED TO WHOLESALER:
(i) Availability of goods:
The wholesalers make the products of various manufacturers readily available to the retailers.
(ii) Marketing support:
Wholesaler undertake advertisements and other sales promotional activities to induce customers to purchase the goods. The retailers are benefited by this.
(iii) Grant of credit:
The wholesalers generally extend credit facilities to their regular customers/retailers. It also give the facility of trade credit.
(iv) Specialized knowledge:
They pass on the benefit of their specialized knowledge to the retailers. They inform the retailers about the new products, their uses, quality, prices, etc.
(v) Risk sharing:
The wholesalers purchase in bulk and sell in relatively small quantities to the retailers.
RETAIL TRADE
A retailer is a business enterprise that is engaged in the sale of goods and services directly to the ultimate consumers. The retailers normally buy goods in large quantities from wholesaler and sell them in small quantities to the ultimate consumer.
Services of Retailers
Some of the important services of retailers are described as below:
(i) Help in distribution of goods:
The retailers normally buy goods in large quantities from wholesaler and sell them in small quantities to the ultimate consumer.
(ii) Collecting market information:
As retailers remain in direct and constant touch with the buyers, they serve as an important source of collecting market information about the tastes, preferences and attitudes of customers.
(iii) Personal selling:
Retailers undertake personal selling efforts, thereby relieve wholesaler/manufacture in selling of products.
(iv) Enabling large-scale operations:
Retailers sell product to consumer in small quantity and thereby manufacturing can consecrate in other activities.
(v) Help in promotion:
Sometimes manufactures offer short-term incentives in the form of coupons, free gifts, sales contests, and so on to retailers thereby, help in promoting the sale of the product.
Services to Consumers
(i) Regular availability of products:
The most important service of a retailer to consumers is to maintain regular availability of various products produced by different manufacturers when needed.
(ii) Convenience in buying:
Retail stores are located in residential area as well as in the main market.
The customer can easily approach a retail show room for buying the goods.
(iii) Wide selection:
A retailers offers a wide variety of products of different manufacturers and different brand enabling the consumers to make their choice out of a wide selection of goods.
(iv) After-sales services:
Retailers demonstrate the working of products to satisfy the customer and also offers after-sales services in the form of home delivery, supply of spare parts and attending to customers.
(v) Provide credit facilities:
The retailers sometimes provide credit facilities to their regular buyers.
TYPES OF RETAILING TRADE
There are two categories of retailers:
(a) Itinerant retailers, and
(b) Fixed shop retailers.
Itinerant Retailers:
Itinerant retailers are traders who do not have a fixed place of business to operate from.
Its features/Characteristics:
(a) They are small traders operating with limited resources.
(b) They normally deal in consumer products of daily use.
Example:toiletry products, fruits and vegetables, and so on.
(c) The emphasis of such traders is on providing greater customer service
(d) As they do not have any fixed business establishment to operate.
NOTE:
MANUFACTURING -> WHOLESALER -> RETAILER -> CONSUMER
PRODUCER BULK PURCHASE SMALL LOTS PURCHASE IN
FROM <- FROM <- CHANGE
Types of itinerant retailers in India are as below:
(i) Peddlers and hawkers:
They move from street to street in search of customer. A howler carries the goods on wheeled casts or on the back of animals and a peddler carries the goods on his own head or back.
(ii) Street traders (pavement vendors):
These retailers display their articles on busy street corner, bus stand, stations, etc.
(iii) Periodic Market traders:
These traders sell their goods on fixed days in different markets places. Their weekly markets are fixed.
(iv) Cheap jacks:
They displays their goods in hired shops or in tents for a temporary period in different localities.
Fixed Shop Retailers
These are retail shops who maintain permanent establishment to sell their merchandise.
Characteristics/Features:
(a) Compared with the itinerant traders, normally they have greater resources.
(b) Generally deals in different products.
(c) Provide greater services to the customers such as credit facilities, home delivery, etc.
Types of Small Fixed Shop Retailers:
(i) General stores:
General stores are most commonly found in a local market and residential areas. It carries varieties of good and provide convenience to the customers in buying products of daily use such as grocery items, soft drinks, toiletry products, stationery and confectionery.
(ii) Specialty shops:
Instead of selling a variety of products of different types, these retail stores specialize in the sale of a specific line of products.
For example, shops selling children’s garments, men’s wear, ladies shoes, toys and gifts, school uniforms, college books or consumer electronic goods, etc
(iii) Street stall holders:
These small vendors are commonly found at street crossings or other places where flow of traffic is heavy.
For example, Tea tall, cigarettes, soft drinks, etc.
(iv) Secondhand goods shop:
These shops deal in secondhand or used goods, like books, clothes, automobiles, furniture and other household goods.
Fixed shop — Large stores retailers:
1. Departmental stores:
A departmental store is a large establishment offering a wide variety of products, classified into well-defined departments, aimed at satisfying practically every customer’s need under one roof. It has a number of departments, each one confining its activities to one kind of product.
Its Features:
(a) A modern departmental store may provide all facilities such as restaurant, travel and information bureau, restrooms, etc.
(b) These stores are generally located at a central place in the heart of a city.
(c) A departmental store combines both the functions of retailing as well as warehousing.
(d) They have centralized purchasing arrangements.
(e) Departmental stores are generally formed as a joint stock company managed by a board of directors.
Advantages of departmental stores:
(i) Convenience in shopping:
Departmental stores offer large variety of goods under one roof the departmental stores provide great convenience to customers in buying almost all goods of their requirements at one place.
(ii) Central location:
The departmental stores are usually located at central places so that more and more people can approach these stores easily.
(iii) Economy of large-scale operations:
Departmental stores are organised at a very large-scale, the benefits of large-scale operations. They buys goods in bulk therefore they enjoy the benefits of special discounts.
(iv) Limitation of middle man:
A Departmental stores buys goods directly from manufacture and sell them to the ultimate consumer, so it leads to the elimination of middleman and their profit margin.
(v) Services:
A departmental store provide various services to the customers. Such as home delivery of goods, grant of credit facilities and provision for restrooms, restaurants, saloons etc.
Disadvantages/Limitations:
(i) High operating cost:
As these stores give more emphasis on providing services, therefore their operating costs is high.
(ii) High possibility of loss:
As a result of high operating costs and large-scale operations, the chances of incurring losses in a departmental store are high.
For example, change in the tastes of customers or latest fashions.
(iii) Inconvenient location:
As a departmental store is generally situated at a central location, it is not convenient for the people who live in backward area..
(i) Lack of personal attention:
Because of the large-scale operations, it is very difficult to provide adequate personal attention to the customers in these stores.
2. Chain Stores or Multiple Shops:
Chain stores or multiple shops are retail shops that are spread over different parts of the city or country. Which are owned and operated by manufacturers or intermediaries.
For example, Bata, Tanishq, Bazar Kolkata.
Its features:
(a) These shops are located in fairly populous localities, where sufficient number of customers can be approached.
(b) The manufacturing/procurement of merchandise for all the retail units is centralized at the head office, from where the goods are dispatched to each of chain stores.
(c) Each retail shop is under the direct supervision of a Branch Manager.
(d) All the branches are controlled by the head office.
(e) The prices of goods in such shops are fixed and all sales are made on cash basis.
(f) Timely supervision is done to check the quality of services to the customers.
Advantages:
(i) Economies of scale:
As there is central procurement/manufacturing, the multiple-shop organisation enjoys the economies of scale.
(ii) Elimination of middlemen:
By selling directly to the consumers, the multiple-shop organisation is able to eliminate unnecessary middlemen in the sale of goods and services.
(iii) No bad debts:
Since all the sales in these shops are made on cash basis, there are no losses on account of bad debts.
(iv) Transfer of goods:
good may be transferred to another locality may be transferred to another locality where it is in demand. This reduces the chances of dead stock in these shops.
(v) Diffusion of risk:
The losses incurred by one shop may be covered by profits in other shops, reducing the total risk of an organisation.
(vi) Low cost:
Elimination of middlemen, centralized promotion of sales and increased sales, the multiple shops have lower cost of business.
Limitations:
(i) Limited selection of goods:
Some of the multiple/chain shops deal only in limited range of products. They do not sell products of other manufacturers. In that way the consumers get only a limited choice of goods.
(ii) Lack of personal touch:
Lack of initiative in the employees sometimes leads to indifference and lack of personal touch in them.
(iv) Difficult to change demand:
If the demand for the merchandise handled by multiple shops change rapidly, the management may have to sustain huge losses because of large stocks lying unsold at the central depot.
Mail Order Houses
Mail order houses are the retail outlets that sell their merchandise through personal contact between the buyers and the sellers in this type of trading.
In this, payment can be made either full in advance or otherwise goods may be sent by Value Payable Post (VVP). There is no personal contract between the buyer and seller in this types of trading.
Its Advantages:
1. Limited capital requirement:
Mail order business can be started with relatively low amount of capital.
(ii) Elimination of middle men:
In this, middlemen between the buyers and sellers are eliminated. This may result in lot of savings both to the buyers as well as to the sellers.
(iii) Absence of bad debt:
Since the mail order houses do not extend credit facilities to the customers, therefore there are no change of any bad debts.
(iv) Wide reach:
Under this system the goods can be sent to all the places having postal services. This opens wide scope for business as a large number of people throughout the country can be served through mail.
(v) Convenience: Under this system goods are delivered at the doorstep of the customers. This results in great convenience to the customers in buying these products.
Limitations/Disadvantages:
(i) Lack of personal contact:
As there is no personal contact between the buyers and the sellers there are greater possibilities of misunderstanding and mistrust between the two.
(ii) High promotion cost:
The mail order business has to rely heavily on advertisements and other methods of promotion in order to inform and persuade the potential buyers to buy their products.
(iii) No after sales service:
There is absence of after sales services which is so important for the satisfaction of the customers.
Vending Machines
Vending machines are operated by Coins or token. The buyer inserts a coin or token in the machine and receives a special quality of products from the machine.
MERITS:
1. No requirement of sales man.
2. We can buy thing at anytime.
3. The customer get fresh supply of goods.
DEMERITS:
1. Maintenance and repair are quit high.
2. Coins of exact sharp and size are required to operate the machine.
3. The machine are used only in developed area.
4. Specialized knowledge should be there to operate.
ROLE OF INDIAN CHAMBERS OF COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY IN PROMOTION OF INTERNAL TRADE
(i) Transportation or inter state movement of goods:
which includes registration of vehicles, surface transport policies, etc.
(ii) Octroi and other local levies.
(iii) Harmonization of sales tax structure and Value Added Tax.
(iv) Marketing of agro products and related issues.
(v) Weights and Measures and prevention of duplication brands.
(vi) Interesting with govt. in regard to excise duty.
(vii) Promoting sound infrastructure like road, port, electricity, railways, etc.
(viii) Labour legislation.
Q. Name commerce and industries Association In India?
Ans. ASSOCHAM,
Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) and
Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI).
Association Chambers of Commerce and Industry
---------------------------------------------------*****----------------------------------------------
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